Abstract: In this essay, the hypothesis is that some questions can be important nuclei of significance in the poems of López Velarde. To try to verify it, we will conduct a revision of the theoretical approaches on rhetorical questions, both from rhetorical and linguistic standpoints. In particular, we will rely on the ideas of Burguera Serra, Fontanier, Schmidt-Radefeldt, and Igualada Belchí. Based on the above, we will analyze what is asked, how is it asked, why is it asked, what kind of questions they are, and their possible meanings, in some texts of two of his books: La sangre devota (1916) and especially Zozobra (1919).

Resumen: La hipótesis de trabajo de este artículo es que algunas interrogaciones pueden ser importantes núcleos de significación en la poesía de López Velarde. Para tratar de comprobarlo, haremos una mínima revisión de los planteamientos teóricos ―desde la retórica y la lingüística― sobre las preguntas retóricas. En especial, nos apoyaremos en las ideas de Burguera Serra, Fontanier, Schmidt-Radefeldt e Igualada Belchí. Con base en lo anterior, analizaremos qué se pregunta, cómo se pregunta, por qué se pregunta, qué tipo de preguntas son y sus posibles sentidos, en algunos textos de dos de sus libros: La sangre devota (1916) y, sobre todo, Zozobra (1919).

ABSTRACT The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of long synchronization protocols based on reused progesterone devices (controlled internal drug release [CIDR]) associated with different doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on reproductive variables in crossbred sheep (Suffolk × Kathadin × Dorset). The CIDR were used for eleven days in a previous study in sheep from the same herd and were washed and disinfected before reusing. Sixty-four sheep, in the reproductive season, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n = 16). Treatments consisted of a group with 10 d CIDR and 300 IU eCG; a group with 10 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG; a group with 12 d CIDR and 300 IU of eCG; and a group with 12 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG. A completely randomized design was used. There was an estrous presentation rate of 100% in all treatments. The begining of estrous, gestation rate, fertility rate, type of parturition, and prolificacy index were equal between groups. Progesterone serum concentration was higher in sheep from the 10 d CIDR groups. The CIDR, reused for the second time, associated with 300 or 400 IU of eCG for estrous synchronization in sheep, are effective to obtain good pregnancy rates and ensures higher prolificacy rates.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare, with an incidence of approximately 1:1,500,000 women, especially in the reproductive stage. It manifests with acute abdominal pain in the lower quadrants. Treatment is surgical and, in case of vascular involvement of the fallopian tube, salpingectomy should be performed. OBJECTIVE: To report 3 cases of isolated fallopian tube torsion with symptoms of acute abdomen. CLINICAL CASE: We report the case of three patients with prognostic scales of high probability of acute appendicitis. All three cases were treated with surgery in the general surgery service, with conventional open modality access in the first case and laparoscopic surgery in the other two. Tubal torsion with evident vascular involvement was found in all three cases requiring salpingectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Although isolated fallopian tube torsion is of low incidence, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of acute abdomen because definitive diagnosis and early treatment have an influence on its preservation.

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: La torsión aislada de la trompa de Falopio es poco frecuente, con incidencia aproximada de 1:1,500,000 de mujeres, sobre todo en la etapa reproductiva. Se manifiesta con dolor abdominal agudo en los cuadrantes inferiores. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y, en caso de afectación vascular de la trompa de Falopio, debe practicarse la salpingectomía. OBJETIVO: Reportar 3 casos de torsión aislada de la trompa de Falopio con síntomas de abdomen agudo. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se comunica el caso de tres pacientes con escalas pronósticas de alta probabilidad de apendicitis aguda. Los tres casos se trataron con cirugía en el servicio de Cirugía general, con acceso convencional de modalidad abierta en el primer caso y cirugía laparoscópica en los otros dos. Se encontró una torsión tubárica con afectación vascular evidente en los tres casos que requirieron salpingectomía. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien la torsión aislada de la trompa de Falopio es de baja incidencia debe tenerse en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial de abdomen agudo porque el diagnóstico definitivo y tratamiento temprano tienen influencia en su preservación.

BACKGROUND The transmission routes for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) are in flux, so studies examining its transmission in humans, mammalian hosts, and sand fly vectors are urgently needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was understand the epidemiological cycles of Leishmania spp., which causes ACL in the Andean Region of Venezuela, by identifying the Leishmania and the sand fly species involved in human and dog infections. METHODS Thirty-one biopsies from patients in Mérida and Táchira states with suspected ACL were studied by both parasitological tests (cultures and hamster inoculation) and a molecular test [Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)]. We also conducted a survey to detect Leishmania infection in dogs (Immunifluorescence antibody test and ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) and sand flies (ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) from El Carrizal, a highly endemic focus of ACL in Venezuela. FINDINGS Three different Leishmania species were identified in the clinical samples from humans (Leishmania braziliensis, L. guyanensis, and L. mexicana) and dogs (L. guyanensis and L. mexicana). The predominant sand fly species found were those from the Verrucarum group (infected with L. mexicana) and Lutzomyia migonei (infected with L. guyanensis and L. mexicana). MAIN CONCLUSIONS We show that Lu. migonei may be the putative vector in two ACL epidemiological cycles, involving L. guyanensis and L. mexicana. We also report for the first time the presence of L. guyanensis in domestic animals.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) es un centro nacional de referencia para tuberculosis. Se reporta el caso de un preescolar masculino de 5 años de edad, enviado por presentar una adenopatía en el cuello y fístula que se manifestaba por la salida de líquido purulento. Se le diagnosticó tuberculosis ganglionar y se indicó tratamiento antituberculoso

Summary The National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER) is an important reference center for tuberculosis. We report the case of a 5 year old boy, sent because he presented cervical adenopathy and fistula which was manifested by pus discharge, which was diagnosed as lymph node tuberculosis so it was treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs

The aim of this work was to establish a modified pre-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol using a single primer set that enables successful amplification of a highly conserved mammalian sequence in order to determine overall sample DNA quality for multiple mammalian species that inhabit areas endemic for leishmaniasis. The gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), but not other conserved genes, was efficiently amplified in DNA samples from tail skin, ear skin, bone marrow, liver and spleen from all of the species tested. In tissue samples that were PCR-positive for Leishmania, we found that DNA from 100%, 55% and 22% of the samples tested resulted in a positive PCR reaction for the IRBP, beta-actin and beta-globin genes, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing of an IRBP amplicon resolved any questions regarding the taxonomical classification of a rodent, which was previously based simply on the morphological features of the animal. Therefore, PCR amplification and analysis of the IRBP amplicon are suitable for pre-diagnostically assessing DNA quality and identifying mammalian species living in areas endemic to leishmaniasis and other diseases.

In 1999, in the .Hospital del Niño.. a new case of visceral leishmaniasis was identified in a 2 years old child from Taipiplaya in the Caranavi district. For this reason, a visceral leishmaniasis evaluation using serological and molecular tests was realized on 122 healthy people and also on one leishmania cutanea infected person. Leishmania spp was present in 32,3 % of the studied people and 14,4 % had an anti-rk39 antibody, attesting the existence of Leishmania chagasi responsible for visceral leishmaniasis. The possibility of mixed infections with other Leishmania species as well as mixed infections Leishmania spp and Trypanosama cruzi, responsible for chagas disease should not be discarded

En 1999, en el Hospital del Niño se registró un nuevo caso de Leishmaniasis visceral sobre un niño de dos años proveniente del cantón de Taipiplaya (Provincia Caranavi). Por este motivo se realiza en este cantón una evaluación transversal de la leishmaniasis visceral mediante pruebas serológicas y moleculares involucrando a 122 inpiduos clínicamente sanos y un inpiduo con infección positiva a Leishmania cutánea, Se demostró la circulación de Leishmania sp. en 32,3% de sujetos estudiados. El 14,4% de la población examinada presentó anticuerpos anti-rk39, demostrándose la circulación de Leishmania chagasi responsable de la leishmaniasis visceral. No podemos descartar la posibilidad de la existencia de coinfecciones mixtas inter-especie de Leishmania como también de coinfecciones mixtas por Leishmania sp y Trypanosoma cruzi, responsable de la enfermedad de Chagas

En 1999, en el Hospital del Niño se registró un nuevo caso de Leishmaniasis visceral sobre un niño de dos años proveniente del cantón de Taipiplaya (Provincia Caranavi). Por este motivo se realiza en este cantón una evaluación transversal de la leishmaniasis visceral mediante pruebas serológicas y moleculares involucrando a 122 individuos clínicamente sanos y un individuo con infección positiva a Leishmania cutánea, Se demostró la circulación de Leishmania sp. en 32,3% de sujetos estudiados. El 14.4% de la población examinada presentó anticuerpos anti-rk39, demostrándose la circulación de Leishmania chagasi responsable de la leishmaniasis visceral. No podemos descartar la posibilidad de la existencia de coinfecciones mixtas inter-especie de Leishmania como también de coinfecciones mixtas por Leishmania sp. y Trypanosoma cruzi, responsable de la enfermedad de Chagas.

In 1999, in the "Hospital del Niño". a new case of visceral leishmaniasis was identified in a 2 years old child from Taipiplaya in the Caranavi district. For this reason, a visceral leishmaniasis evaluation using serological and molecular tests was realized on 122 healthy people and also on one leishmania cutanea infected person. Leishmania spp was present in 32,3 % of the studied people and 14,4 % had an anti-rk39 antibody, attesting the existence of Leishmania chagasi responsible for visceral leishmaniasis. The possibility of mixed infections with other Leishmania species as well as mixed infections Leishmania spp and Trypanosama cruzi, responsible for chagas disease should not be discarded.